
Earl Grey tea is a flavoured tea, traditionally black, scented with oil of bergamot from the bergamot orange.
A high-toned bergamot-citrus aroma over a tannic, moderately bitter black-tea body, with low acidity and little sweetness.
Steeped briefly — a few minutes limits tannin and preserves the citrus aroma — it serves as a tannic, aromatic base liquid or as a small aromatic accent, and is traditionally served without milk when made from Chinese black teas so the bergamot stays in focus.
As a base liquid it is not truly substitutable; as an aromatic accent, another steeped tea (green, oolong, white or rooibos) carrying bergamot aroma from any of the accepted sources — natural oil, dried rind, or natural/synthetic flavouring — works, provided both the tannic tea base and the bergamot scent are kept.
Wild bergamot / bee balm (Monarda) herbal tea
Earl Grey is flavoured with oil from the citrus fruit bergamot (Citrus bergamia); wild bergamot or bee balm (Monarda) is an unrelated North American mint-family plant used for Oswego herbal tea. The two share the name 'bergamot' and a rough aroma but are botanically unrelated.
Plain black tea
Earl Grey is a black tea carrying added bergamot citrus aroma, while plain black tea has no added flavouring and lacks the citrus lift, despite sharing the same malty, full body.
Blenders scent a tea base with bergamot, either coating the leaves with the citrus essential oil or adding dried bergamot orange rind so the aroma infuses during brewing; many commercial versions use natural, artificial or synthetic bergamot flavourings instead. The base is traditionally black tea, though green, oolong, white and rooibos versions also exist.
Earl Grey takes its name from Charles Grey, the second Earl Grey, British Prime Minister from 1830 to 1834; the earliest reference to bergamot-flavoured tea dates to the 1820s, and it is associated with Britain.