
A sugar cube is a pressed block of white sugar for single-portion sweetening, roughly a teaspoon.
A cube does one thing a syrup cannot — measure: it is about a teaspoon of sugar, or roughly 7 ml of a 1:1 syrup. In every other respect the syrup is easier.
Simple syrup
Already dissolved, which is the whole difference: it goes in cleanly where the cube has to be worked against the glass first.
Demerara cubes
Same shape, unrefined sugar. They dissolve a shade slower and bring a faint molasses note, which suits an Old Fashioned and shows in anything clear.
Kept dry, a box of cubes outlasts most of the bar. Damp is the only thing that ruins them: they swell, fuse to each other and stop being a measure.