
Absinthe is a high-proof distilled spirit flavoured principally with grande wormwood, green anise and florence fennel — the botanicals known as "the holy trinity".
Intense anise and licorice dominate the aroma, backed by a dry, bitter herbal edge from the wormwood; the palate stays unsweetened and pungent through a long, drying finish.
A few drops or a glass coating serve as an aromatic rinse or accent, while a full base measure carries the drink's identity outright. It louches — turning milky and opaque when diluted with cold water — which is the traditional way of serving it and sharply lowers the drinking strength.
As a full base measure it is essentially not substitutable without changing the drink; as a rinse or small accent, another high-proof anise spirit preserves the anise aroma and louche, though sweetened anise liqueurs replace the dry wormwood bitterness with sugar and lose that dry, bitter backbone.
Pastis is a sweetened French anise liqueur, typically around 40–45% ABV, flavoured with anise and licorice and generally made by maceration or blending rather than requiring wormwood. Absinthe is a higher-proof, unsweetened distilled spirit built on the wormwood-anise-fennel trinity; both are anise-forward and louche with water.
Traditionally it is prepared by distilling neutral alcohol together with herbs, spices and water; the finest historical examples were redistilled from a white grape spirit, lesser ones from grain, beet or potato alcohol. Beyond the wormwood-anise-fennel core, recipes commonly carry petite wormwood, hyssop, melissa, star anise, angelica, peppermint, coriander and veronica, and any green colour derives from a secondary herb maceration rather than added colouring. It is bottled unsweetened and at high strength, and its defining wormwood contains thujone, now legally restricted rather than banned.
In the sense of a distilled spirit containing green anise and fennel, absinthe is first evidenced in the 18th century on the Franco-Swiss border, in the Val-de-Travers region around Couvet, Switzerland.

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